LowEmissionAsphalt-136pg-WhitePaper-May2023

P a g e | 39 Table 5 – Materials Input CO 2 e Emissions by Type 77 Steel 26% Concrete(s) 78 23% Oil & Gas 15% Chemicals 12% Coal 6% All Other 18% Source: McKinsey & Co. Regardless, production stage reductions still will have low overall impact on reducing overall transportation sector emissions as the majority of the roadway microenvironment emissions come from direct pavement use phase utilization, mainly traffic. Use phase emissions are 18x 79 materials production and pavement construction emissions (Figure 19) . Figure 19 – Roadway Microenvironment Emissions Source: PIARC 77 McKinsey & Co., The Net Zero Transition, what it would cost, what it could bring , January 2022. 78 Construction materials including Portland cement concrete (PCC) and asphalt concrete (AC). 79 The World Road Association (PIARC) – Carbon Neutrality of the Road Sector 2022.