LowEmissionAsphalt-136pg-WhitePaper-May2023

P a g e | 38 will need to be addressed, especially and more intensely as transportation electrification unfolds. To illustrate cradle-to-grave emissions from the production, construction, maintenance, and PVIs in AC, it might be easier to “ common size ” AC emissions to say – one center lane mile (CLM) or ~14,500 sq/yds of 2.5” AC “mill and fill” and for PVI from a 35,000 AADT highway. The initial or embodied CO 2 e (production and construction stages combined or cradle-to-pave ) is ~1,800 tons. 71 Traditional (resurfacing; crack filling etcetera) use phase maintenance adds another 500 tons. 72 If t he pavement’s LCA is 12 years , 73 PVI, both deflection and roughness, adds another 1,000 tons CO 2 e, 74 while high radiative forcing (poor solar reflectance = high emissivity) contributes another 400 tons. 75 Though often ignored, use phase emissions are significant (Table 4) . Table 4 – AC GHG Emissions per CLM Cradle-to-Grave 76 Production 1,000 Construction 800 Maintenance 500 PVI 1,000 Emissivity 400 EOL 50 Total 3,750 Source: BlackwallPartners LLC compilation When cradle-to-grave GHG emissions for concrete(s) (AC and PCC) are fully accounted, they have the second largest GWP impact among all materials sectors. So, they are a target for regulators, environmentalists, and activists ( Table 5 ) . 71 BlackwallPartners LLC; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Concrete Sustainability Hub (CSHub). 72 BlackwallPartners LLC; MIT CSHub. 73 BlackwallPartners LLC; FHWA. 74 MIT CSHub. 75 BlackwallPartners LLC; MIT CSHub. 76 BlackwallPartners LLC; FHWA; MIT CSHub; NAPA; National Center for Pavement Preservation (NCPP); et al.