LowEmissionAsphalt-136pg-WhitePaper-May2023

P a g e | 37 Figure 18 – Cradle-to-Gate GHG AC Emissions Saves (2019) Source: NAPA Adding construction stage (paving) or cradle-to-pave ; life-cycle maintenance; and some use phase impacts such as pavement vehicle interactions (PVI) 69 double AC emissions. 70 We will discuss non GHG PVI impacts from on-road microplastic pollution (tire wear for example) later as that’s an entirely different environmental problem that 69 pavement vehicle interactions (PVI) include ride quality impacts on fuel efficiency and both tire-wear and brake- pad wear. 70 FHWA.