LowEmissionAsphalt-136pg-WhitePaper-May2023

P a g e | 129 This is why the cost of pollution removal with road level photocatalysis is a fraction of the cost of machine-centric technologies , is highly scalable, and has no ecological or environmental burden shifting whatsoever. Photocatalysis merely intervenes and accelerates the carbon, nitrogen, or plastic cycles and avoids the toxic airborne and water-borne stage of the cycle . No net additions. Environmental and ecological danger stage(s) of the cycle avoided. (Table 22) lays out the energy needs of both high temperature (conventional fuel) industrial carbon capture methods used today with future renewable sources. The exercise understates the carbon intensity of building and maintaining wind and solar electricity capacity. 279 And assumes wind and solar efficiencies can reach capacity in the future. But, in general terms, ICC using theoretical 100% renewable electricity at 100% capacity utilization, would be half the hurdle to net zero . The other issue being the land requirements. By comparison, PCO is available today and has zero energy or land needs. Table 22 – Energy Requirements of ICC Systems v. Roadway PCO (kWh / MtCO 2 e) High Temp ICC Renewable Electric ICC Roadway PCO Temperature Demand( °F ) 280 1,652 0 0 Electrical Energy Demand 281 460 1,500 0 Thermal Energy Demand 282 3,500 0 0 British Thermal Units 283 11.9 mil 5.1 mil 0 Capacity (MtCO 2 e) 284 1 million 1 million 1 million Land Requirement (acres) 2 4,000 0 Source: BlackwallPartners LLC; Carbon Solutions et al. 279 NREL: wind and solar emit ~ 50 grams of Co2 per kWh. 280 An K, Azharuddin F, et al., The impact of climate solvent-based direct air capture systems, Applied Energy , November 2022. 281 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine : Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda ; and Fasihi et al., Technoeconomic assessment of CO 2 direct air capture plants, The National Academies Press, 2019. 282 Ibid. 283 british thermal unit (Btu) is a measure of the heat content of fuels or other energy sources required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. 284 1 million MMCO 2 e requires ~225 CLM of TiO 2 enhanced pavement.