LowEmissionAsphalt-136pg-WhitePaper-May2023

P a g e | 128 Both capture and conversion require immense amounts of energy as noted and most storage strategies require health and ecologically questionable “dumping” of potentially toxic carbon byproduct or resultant (coal, tars, biochar, etcetera) onto our soil, within building materials, underground, or into our oceans. 274 275 276 What could go wrong? PlusTi TM solves all of the aforementioned: 1. Photocatalytic pavements are a chemical approach, so they require no machinery for capture hence no energy consumption . Sourcing is automatic and perpetual as the CO 2 e is transported right to the site in the form of an endless supply of vehicles. And since they are existing roads, no new or additional land use is necessary either. This latter point is quite critical because pollution capture technologies that plan to rely on machinery and eventually renewable energy will need to repurpose or consume massive amounts of land. It takes 300 to 500 megawatts (MW) of energy to capture one million tons of carbon mechanically. 277 So, the land requirement would be an extortive 4,000 acres per million tons of carbon. 278 A photocatalytic road requires zero land displacement . 2. Conversion is 100% “free energy” because TiO 2 is a natural and sustainable catalyst which creates tens of millions of self-propelled “micromotors” per square meter using sunlight and a little ambient humidity. So, all of the captured and removed pollution is accretive towards negative carbon . 3. The resultant (all-natural plant food) is consumed by near road vegetation in most cases or by routine street sweeping and existing water filtration systems where no vegetation exists, requiring no land or ocean “fills.” No dumping! No pie-in-the-sky converted resultant product development or remarketing risk. 274 Buss W, Composition of PAHs in Biochar and Implications for Biochar Production , May 2022. 275 Six J, Biochar: is there a dark side? ETH Zurich, January 2014. 276 National Institutes of Health: National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov . 277 Wilcox J, Carbon Capture, Springer 2012. 278 NREL www.nrel.gov .